Marketing to the Bottom of the Pyramid and Subsistence Markets-A Research Agenda

The concepts of Bottom of the Pyramid (BOP) and subsistence markets have attracted substantial academic and managerial attention in recent years. The BOP thesis states that there are opportunities for multinational companies to achieve signify cant revenues and profitability by designing and implementing marketing programs aimed at people who occupy the lowest tier in the world's economic pyramid. The number of people in this segment has been estimated to be between 2.7 billion and 4 billion. This paper reviews the academic literature on BOP and subsistence markets and identifies important issues related to marketing to these consumers.
Marketing to the Bottom of the Pyramid and Subsistence Markets-A Research Agenda

The concepts of Bottom of the Pyramid (BOP) and subsistence markets have attracted substantial academic and managerial attention in recent years. The BOP thesis states that there are opportunities for multinational companies to achieve signify cant revenues and profitability by designing and implementing marketing programs aimed at people who occupy the lowest tier in the world's economic pyramid. The number of people in this segment has been estimated to be between 2.7 billion and 4 billion. This paper reviews the academic literature on BOP and subsistence markets and identifies important issues related to marketing to these consumers.