One of the foundational hypotheses in political economy is the negative association between ethnic diversity and development. However, recent research has shown that this negative relationship is modified by spatial segregation of diverse groups. Emerging evidence from India suggests that spatial segregation modulates the association between caste diversity and public goods provisioning (see for example, my own recent published paper that I have attached here as Appendix-02 and was a result of a previous seed grant funding). Much of the evidence for the how diversity and segregation combine has come from urban India. We know very little about how segregation modulates development outcomes in rural India despite caste-based segregation being one of the constitutive features of India's agrarian political economy.