Work-From-Home Revolution: Enhancing Women’s Participation in STEM
Women continue to be underrepresented in STEM occupations, despite sustained organizational efforts to improve retention and gender diversity. We ask whether increased work-from-home (WFH) opportunities raise young women’s participation in STEM roles. Leveraging data from IPUMS-CPS, Survey of Working Arrangements and Attitudes (SWAA), and job postings offering WFH, and drawing on insights from human capital theory and organizational strategy, we implement two Difference-in-Differences designs that exploit exogenous occupation-level variation in WFH adoption induced by the COVID-19 pandemic. We find that high WFH adoption increases the probability of STEM employment among young women by 2.43 percentage points, a 13.6 percent rise relative to the pre-pandemic baseline. This result is robust to alternative specifications, clustering levels, treatment definitions, and matched sample checks. We also find that the impact varies across STEM sub-fields and increases with the intensity of WFH adoption. As such, the results suggests that the effect operates primarily through reduced skill loss enabled by stronger labor market attachment under WFH. These findings highlight WFH as a scalable organizational strategy to improve female retention and advance diversity in STEM occupations.
Work-From-Home Revolution: Enhancing Women’s Participation in STEM
Women continue to be underrepresented in STEM occupations, despite sustained organizational efforts to improve retention and gender diversity. We ask whether increased work-from-home (WFH) opportunities raise young women’s participation in STEM roles. Leveraging data from IPUMS-CPS, Survey of Working Arrangements and Attitudes (SWAA), and job postings offering WFH, and drawing on insights from human capital theory and organizational strategy, we implement two Difference-in-Differences designs that exploit exogenous occupation-level variation in WFH adoption induced by the COVID-19 pandemic. We find that high WFH adoption increases the probability of STEM employment among young women by 2.43 percentage points, a 13.6 percent rise relative to the pre-pandemic baseline. This result is robust to alternative specifications, clustering levels, treatment definitions, and matched sample checks. We also find that the impact varies across STEM sub-fields and increases with the intensity of WFH adoption. As such, the results suggests that the effect operates primarily through reduced skill loss enabled by stronger labor market attachment under WFH. These findings highlight WFH as a scalable organizational strategy to improve female retention and advance diversity in STEM occupations.