India faces the dual challenge of achieving sustainability goals while sustaining its population’s well-being as the planet approaches a 1.5°C temperature increase. To meet its commitments, India is transitioning from fossil fuels to renewables in the energy sector, trying to shift consumption patterns and cropping practices in the agriculture sector, and promoting electric and flex-fuel vehicles in the transport sector. In this study, using the triple bottom line approach, we analyse the current state of energy, agriculture and transport systems and the corresponding policy frameworks that have given rise to such systems in the country. We also provide a strategic framework that, by integrating the synergies between these three key sectors, offers a mechanism and a long-term roadmap for a sustainable future.
India’s energy demand has surged, with coal dominating power generation. Besides demand-side policies targeting efficiency, and green financing and supply-side policies focusing on standards and distribution company (DISCOM) revitalisation, Government of India (GOI) is also promoting renewable energy. Nevertheless, challenges persist, necessitating continued policy refinement for a sustainable and inclusive energy sector.
Carbon emissions, coupled with soil erosion and water depletion, have raised concerns about Indian agriculture’s long-term sustainability. Issues related to climate change have further exacerbated the challenges. However, current policies, influenced by the Green Revolution, emphasise high-yield varieties and chemical inputs, causing ecological and health issues. Policies must shift towards sustainable agricultural practices and production of less water- and fertiliser-intensive crops.
Embracing technology-driven innovations, alternative fuel vehicles, and efficient public transport systems are essential for a sustainable transport system. Government policies, though evolved over the years, face challenges in implementation. There is a need for more robust policy implementation and behavioural interventions, prioritising the reduction of vehicles on the road, encouraging non-motorised transport modes, and a shift towards public transport.