The recent abandonment of a multi-billion dollar project in the UK to computerize health records provides testimony that knowledge accumulated in the MIS field has failed to impact successfully on policy and practice. The larger the scale of such IS implementations, the higher, it appears, is the risk. Implementation of organisation wide systems (for example, ERP), automated supply chain management enabled by Interorganisational systems (IOS), emerging technologies (such as Cloud computing) add further complexity both at the project and system level, thereby augmenting the risk of failure. Other recent examples of major failure in both public and private sector include: Sainsbury's failed automated logistics system, the much-publicised software problems of the Toyota Prius, and the UK Government's abandonment of national ID cards.